Posts

Abnormal Pap Smear in Pregnancy

What is an Abnormal Pap Smear?

A Pap smear is a screening test that allows a doctor to look at the cells at the cervix (which is the lower part of the womb) and see if there are precancerous or cancerous cells. This test is usually performed using a speculum. Abnormal Pap smears are now known to be caused by infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV). This is a sexually transmitted virus. There are a number of different strains of HPV, and the strains that are associated with causing cervical cancer have been identified. If one has HPV, most people do not progress to cervical cancer. A similar analogy would be most people who have a cold to not develop pneumonia. Out of most women who get infected with HPV, only a small number of women develop abnormal Pap smears. Out of those, a much smaller number get progressively worse Pap smears that may develop into cervical cancer after 10-15 years. Abnormal

pap smears do not affect the

pregnancy111
pregnancy or the baby. Rarely a procedure may be necessary (colposcopy, and/or cervical biopsy) however most procedures can be postponed until after the baby is born. If there is a history of the cervix being excised, frozen (cryotherapy) or a conization procedure then a transvaginal ultrasound is recommended at around 16-20wks to confirm there is no evidence of a short cervix (cervical insufficiency).

Pap smears are graded according to the degree of abnormality. There are three different degrees: Low Grade (LGSIL), High Grade (HGSIL), and Cancer (CIS). The progression from one stage to the other occurs over a number of years. Not all cases progress from one stage to the next; most cases of LGSIL regress to normal over time with no treatment. Management of abnormal Pap smears is dependent upon the patients’ age and degree of abnormality. Colposcopy is performed to rule out the presence of more abnormal cervical cells after an abnormal Pap smear. This procedure is performed using a specific magnifying apparatus, the cervix is carefully examined to ensure there is no evidence of cervical cancer. During this procedure cervical biopsies are often taken. In pregnancy, if necessary colposcopy and biopsies are safe.

LGSIL in a younger patient is managed expectantly with follow up pap smears and colposcopy as opposed to older patients.

1216464964

 

Pap smears used to be reviewed by pathologist who based their diagnosis of the abnormal cells in the cervical smear, but with the knowledge that HPV is causative, most pap smears include testing to detect the presence of HPV. Newer tests can detect HPV from a urinalysis; these tests may ultimately replace the Pap smear as a screening test.

How do Abnormal Pap Smears Affect the Pregnancy and Baby?

HPV is not believed to harm the baby, or affect the pregnancy adversely. In rare cases of genital warts (also caused by HPV), a patient may have a large growth of warts called condyloma accuminata. This growth occurs in the vagina, the vuvla, or the rectum. These growths are very delicate, and during vaginal delivery can easily bleed because of the trauma of childbirth. There is a small chance the baby may be exposed to the virus. The baby has a small chance of developing a rare condition called laryngeal papillomatosis.

In some patients, the abnormal Pap smear may progress from LGSIL to HGSIL (slightly abnormal, to very abnormal). Depending upon the age of the patient, and the length of time the the abnormal Pap smear has been present, some patients may undergo a procedure called a LEEP (loop electrosurgical excisional procedure). This procedure is diagnostic, and curative. Using an “electric” knife, the abnormal portion of the cervix is removed. After this procedure usually Pap smears are performed every 4 months for one year to confirm no abnormal cervical cells were left behind. One risk of this procedure is that the amount of cervix removed may impact the ability to carry a baby to term and result in a insufficient (incompetent ) cervix. If you have had this procedure, you will need transvaginal ultrasounds around 16-20 weeks, and if your cervical length is less than 1.5cm, you may benefit from a cervical cerclage.

This procedure is rarely performed during pregnancy. If you are found to be at significant risk for cervical cancer and are pregnant, your doctor will send you to a Gyn-oncologist for their recommendations.
Website:
http://www.acog.org/publications/patient_education/bp161.cfm

For more helpful pregnancy hints, instructional pregnancy videos, upcoming podcasts and to get more information about the world’s first non-toxic makeup exclusively for pregnant women, please go to www.VSACHARMD.com.

Anemia in Pregnancy

What is it?

Anemia is the most common nutritional problem affecting pregnant women. Anemia itself is not a diagnosis, but is a sign of a problem; there are multiple etiologies of anemia. In pregnancy one of the most common causes of anemia is that there is an increase in blood volume but less red blood cells are made. This results in a dilutional anemia; note however, your hemoglobin level should not go below 11. There are nutritional causes or anemia as well: the most common nutritional cause of anemia is iron deficiency. Iron is needed to carry oxygen in the blood, and this oxygen then supports the mom and the baby. Anemia in pregnancy is commonly attributed to the deficiency of iron, folate,and vitamin B12. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most commonly observed pregnancy-related anemia affecting about 15% to 25% of all pregnancies.

However, folic-acid deficiency anemia occurs in only about 1% to 5% pregnancies worldwide. Other common causes of anemia include folate and vitamin B12 deficiency, chronic liver disease, HIV, chronic renal disease etc. Symptoms associated with anemia may be maternal tachycardia, shortness of breath, being constantly tired, palpitations, lightheadedness ..unfortunately, these symptoms are also consistent with the normal symptoms experienced by women in pregnancy.

Some women with an underlying anemia during pregnancy, consume large amounts of nonnutritional substances: ice, chalk, corn starch, soil, matches, sand, hair, soap…and other similar textured substances. This is called Pica. The exact etiology why they eat these substances is unknown, however it makes the anemia more severe. I have had many patients who were sent to me with a diagnos i s of severe anemia (Hemoglobin around 6-7). Upon further questioning, i realized these women had pica,. They were consuming 20-30 large glasses of ice daily. Only after they stopped eating the substance did their hemoglobin levels rise, along with large amounts of iron replacement. In some situations, because the patient was so close to delivery, they needed blood transfusions.

pica

Some anemias are due to a genetic error in the hemoglobin, these are called hemoglobinopathies. Examples include, sickle cell disease, thalassemia…etc. If you have anemia, your physician will order an iron level, folate level, vitamin b12 level, haptoglobin and a hemoglobin electrophoresis. These tests will help determine if you have a nutritional deficiency, or a genetic problem, or a problem with increased red blood cell destruction. This will guide your physician to the etiology of your anemia and best treatment for you.

physician

 

How it affects Pregnancy & Baby?

In studies, severe anemia is associated with adverse fetal outcome, and possible preterm delivery. In these studies, the hemoglobin level was around 4-6. Note however, if your hemoglobin is below 11, you still should have the appropriate workup, and follow treatment if necessary. A low hemoglobin puts you at risk for medical consequences if you have severe bleeding in pregnancy (hemorrhage) or if you are at risk for hemorrhage (if you undergo a cesarean section). For instance you may need a blood transfusion. Genetic causes of anemia such as thalassemia, or sickle cell disease, may place the baby for risks of inheritance. If you have a genetic cause for your anemia, you should see a genetic counsellor during by your pregnancy to ensure you are aware of all potential risks to your baby.

Treatment

The treatment depends on the etiology of your anemia. This usually involves, iron, or vitamin B12, or folate. Iron supplementation is associated with some side effects, most notably constipation, nausea vomiting, and diarrhea. The most effective way to take iron supplements is with orange juice and food, not with milk.

If your etiology is pica, then stopping the offending action (through diet) will usually help, along with supplements. A followup hemoglobin level about 4-6 weeks after initiating treatment will demonstrate improvement. If the anemia is severe, and you
are going to deliver within 1-2 weeks, you may need a blood transfusion, or intravenous iron. Your practitioner will assess the severity of your anemia with the risk delivery.

Although extremely common in pregnancy, anemia is usually recognized early, and once an accurate etiology is determined, anemia can be treated without adversely affecting the pregnancy.

For more helpful pregnancy hints, instructional pregnancy videos, upcoming podcasts and to get more information about the world’s first non-toxic makeup exclusively for pregnant women, please go to www.VSACHARMD.com.

 

All Rights Reserved, Copyright 2014
No Part of This Post May Be Reproduced Without Expressed Approval from V Sachar MD